The culturable leaf mycobiome of Viscum album subsp. austriacum

In Poland's pine forests, mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. austriacum) abundance has increased over the past 20 years. This mistletoe infestation has decreased the growth and vigour of Scots pine trees. In this study, we surveyed the culturable fungi from healthy and diseased V. album subsp. austriacum leaves from two stands in Poland. In total, 63 distinct species were identified, 99.8% of which belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. The community compositions of fungi in mistletoe leaves were similar in healthy and diseased leaves as Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Botryosphaeria visci, Fusarium paeoniae and Microsphaeropsis olivacea were consistently found in leaves of all symptom types. The most frequently isolated fungus from asymptomatic leaves was M. olivacea, followed by A. alternata, A. pullulans and Hypoxylon rubiginosum. In comparison, the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with rusty-brown necrotic spots were (in decreasing order) M. olivacea, B. visci, F. paeoniae and A. alternata, while the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with black or dark brown spots were M. olivacea, A. alternata, A. pullulans, Epicoccum layuense and F. paeoniae. This study was the first comprehensive report showing that certain fungal species may be pathogens of V. album subsp. austriacum in Poland. This study was also the first report of F. paeoniae, F. juglandicola, Diaporthe vacuae and Heterotruncatella spartii from V. album, and the first report of D. vacuae and H. spartii in Poland.     

东北油豆角腐皮镰孢菌根腐病拮抗芽胞杆菌的筛选与鉴定

以东北油豆角腐皮镰孢菌为靶标菌,采用室内平板对峙培养和温室防效测定方法,从发病油豆角根际(围)土壤中筛选拮抗能力强的芽胞杆菌菌株,以期获得腐皮镰孢菌根腐病的生防资源。结果表明:该试验筛选到一株拮抗芽胞杆菌WJ-126,初步鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),在温室人工接种条件下,该菌株对油豆角腐皮镰孢菌根腐病的相对防效可达60.92%。     

一种甜瓜新症状病害的病原鉴定及其生物学特性

2018年在北京通州试验基地的一温室内发生一种甜瓜新症状病害,为了能够有效地控制该病害,采集典型发病植株进行病原菌分离纯化,测定其致病性;利用形态学特征和rDNA ITS序列分析法鉴定该病原菌种类,并测定其部分生物学特性。结果表明,该病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型Fusarium oxysporum f.sp melonis。该病原菌在查彼克培养基(Czapek)上生长最快,最适生长温度为25~30℃,比较适合的碳源为甘露醇、麦芽糖和葡萄糖,比较适合的氮源为酵母浸膏。该病原菌对光照不敏感,菌丝致死温度为68℃下10 min。通过分析病害的发生特点,推测这种病害初侵染源可能是种子携带的病原菌。     

不同嫁接方法对甜瓜枯萎病抗性的影响及其生理响应

本文研究了插接、断根嫁接和靠接3种嫁接方法对甜瓜枯萎病抗性的影响。结果显示,3种嫁接方法均能显著提高甜瓜的抗枯萎病能力．但3种嫁接方法之间无显著差异。接种枯萎病菌后,嫁接苗根系活力、叶绿素含量、根系中SOD、POD、PAL活性显著高于自根苗,而MDA含量、相对电导率显著低于自根苗。以上结果表明,嫁接是提高甜瓜对枯萎病抗性的有效措施,但不同嫁接方法对甜瓜枯萎病抗性无显著影响;嫁接苗通过抗氧化系统和PAL活性的提高抵御了枯萎病菌侵染后所致的膜脂过氧化伤害,维持了根系和叶片的正常生理功能,从而提高了嫁接苗对甜瓜枯萎病的抗性。     

Pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins: Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in defense mechanism against malformation in mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Mango, the king of fruits in India is cultivated commercially in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Undoubtedly, mango malformation is a serious disease affecting mango production in India and many other countries around the world. It is now shown that the malady is inflicted by Fusarium, a fungus, and also that the plants have the capacity to suppress or reduce pathogen attack by inducing the synthesis of antimicrobial metabolites such as chitinase and/or the synthesis of lignin, both of which may enhance plant defense system. The present study was aimed at investigating the variability and relationship between activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and content of lignin in the leaves using 12 mango cultivars with the different degree of resistance to floral malformation. Results revealed that the activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in the leaves were significantly high in mango cultivars resistant to malformation (r = −0.90 and r = −0.91, respectively) during the flowering period, whereas lignin content did not show a significant correlation with malformation. The highest activity of chitinase (1.977–2.011 units) and β-1,3-glucanase (80.54–82.06 units) was recorded in resistant mango cultivars Bhadauran and Elaichi. In contrast, these activities were less than 1.010 and 25.21 respectively in highly susceptible mango cultivars such as Amrapali, Eldon and Neelum. Lignin content was highest in resistant cultivar Bhadauran, but it did not show significant relation to the malformation intensity of the cultivars. Thus, leaf chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase may be contributing towards resistance to malformation in mango and that the relative activities of these enzymes can be used as a criterion to predict and screen the mango germplasm and cultivars for resistance to floral malformation.     

A rapid differential staining technique for Fusarium pseudograminearum in cereal tissues during crown rot infections

A novel fluorescence‐based differential staining procedure has been developed for the rapid visualization of Fusarium pseudograminearum hyphae in cereal tissues. Infected tissues are stained with safranin, which binds to host cell walls, while hyphal tissues are stained with the fluorescent dye solophenyl flavine 7GFE. The method is rapid, does not require clearing of culm cross‐sections, and provides high contrast informative images of fungal and plant structures during pathogenesis.     

Absolute configuration of arylglycerol-β-aryl ethers obtained by asymmetric reduction of the correspondingα-ketonic compound with intactFusarium solani cells

When (±)--oxo-guaiacylglycerol--(vanillic acid) ether (1) is degraded byFusarium solani M-13-1, the-ketone is initially reduced to giveerythro andthreo guaiacylglycerol--(vanillic acid) ethers (2), arylglycerol--aryl ethers, both of which are enantiomerically pure. The absolute configuration in each2 was determined by Mosher's method; the products were converted to,-di-(R)--methoxy--trifluoromethylphenylacetates (MTPA esters) (3) oferythro (-)- andthreo (+)-veratrylglycerol--(methyl vanillate) ethers (3), whose¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were examined and compared with those of four di-(R)-MTPA ester (3) diastereomers from chemically synthesizederythro (±)-3 andthreo (±)-3. To assign the- and-MTPA-OCH₃ peaks, the¹H NMR scans of several compounds that have substructures of 3 and their 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl analogues were examined. When a racemic alcohol reacts with (R)-MTPA to give a pair of (R)-MTPA ester diastereomers, the value was defined as the absolute value of the difference in the¹H chemical shifts of the peak between the diastereomers. It was found that the values of-MTPA-OCH₃ were larger than those of-MTPA-OCH₃ owing to a shielding effect of the veratryl ring located on the-MTPA-OCH₃, and that the-MTPA-OCH₃ peaks in the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl compounds shifted downfield relative to those in the veratryl compounds. On the basis of the¹h NMR data of (R)-MTPA esters, the absolute configuration of the four chemically prepared diastereomers (3) were determined. The catabolicerythro 3 [fromerythro (-)-3] andthreo 3 [fromthreo (+)-3] were identical to (R, S, R)-erythro 3 and (R, S, S)- threo 3, respectively. An hydrogen species in the fungal reduction would attack the-ketone fromre-face of both (R)-1 and (S)-1, givingerythro (S, R)-2 andthreo (S, S)-2, respectively.Part of this paper was presented at the 33rd Lignin Symposium, Tsukuba, November 1988     

从桔蚜上分离的一种致病镰刀菌

从福建省南平市桔蚜虫尸上分离的一株镰刀菌 ,病原鉴定为镰刀菌属 (FusariumLinkexFn)的砖红镰孢 (FusariumlateritiumNees .)。病原菌在PDA培养基上生长旺盛 ,10～ 3 5℃均可生长 ,生长适宜温度为 2 0～2 6℃ ,2 5℃下培养 3d后可产孢。分生孢子萌发最适宜温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃ ,最适宜的相对湿度为 96%～ 10 0 %。对桔蚜若虫的毒力测定表明 ,砖红镰孢对桔蚜具有较强的致病力 ,其LC50 为 2 71× 10 7个孢子·L- 1 ,LT50 为2 2 1～ 6 3 4d(在 1 0× 10 1 1 ～ 1 0× 10 7个孢子·L- 1 浓度下 )。用砖红镰孢菌液田间防治桔蚜 ,死亡率达91 80 %。     

引种栽培西蒙得木的适应性研究Ⅰ——生物学习性观察及枯萎病研究

概述了西蒙得木的经济价值和国内外发展状况,根据在云南发展中出现连续枯萎死亡的现象,首先研究了生物学习性和生态适应性,分离接种了来自病健根的菌类,得到的4种镰刀菌都要在根系衰弱时才能侵染根系,引起根系衰弱的原因需要进一步研究。     

油桐根腐病病原菌的研究

油桐根腐病是油桐林的一种毁灭性病害。形态学和培养性状研究表明,致病菌为腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani(Mart.)Sacc.)。将该菌与国内供试8个腐皮镰孢专化型菌株比较可看出,菌落生长较快,大型分生孢子短而粗,是一种短粗类型。其次,人工接种试验得知,此菌不侵染6科7属7种供试的专化型寄主植物;又经8个专化型菌株接种油桐试验,也不发生侵染关系。此菌仅侵害大戟科油桐属的油桐,是一种专化性病菌。再次,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明,此菌与供试菌株的脂酶同工酶的谱带特征和相对迁移率均有明显的差异。由此,将油桐根腐病鉴定为腐皮镰孢一新的专化型,命名为油桐腐皮镰抱(Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f.sp.aleuritidis Chen et Xiao f.sp.nov.)